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Stops 停止点
Trading without a stop is like walking down Fifth Avenue in Manhattan
without pants on. It can be done, I have seen people do it, but it is not
worth the trouble.
交易不设停止点,好比在曼哈顿第五大道上闲逛,但没穿裤子。有人这么做,我也
见过,但这种冒险不值得。
多么形象的比喻! 下一次买了股票不设止损,想象一下,自己变成了安徒生童话《
皇帝的新衣》里的主角,自以为是、自欺欺人,会不会万分尴尬?
A stop will not protect you from a bad trading system; the best it can
do is slow down the damage.
停止点并不能保护你免受错误交易系统的伤害,它最多只能减缓损害。
A stop-loss order limits your risk even though it does not always work.
Sometimes prices gap through a stop. A stop is not a perfect tool but it is
the best defensive tool we have.
设定停损可以控制你的风险,尽管它未必始终有效。股价有时会跳空穿越你的停损
点。停损并不完美,但它是我们最佳的防御工具。
Serious traders place stops the moments they enter a trade. As time
passes, stops need to be adjusted to reduce the amount of money at risk or
to protect a bigger chunk of profit. Stops should be moved one way – in the
direction of the trade. We all like to hope that a trade will succeed –
and a stop is a piece of reality that prevents traders from hanging on to
empty hope.
严谨的交易者在进场的同时就会设定停损。随着时间的推移,需要调整停损点以降
低风险资金或保护已有的盈利。停止点只能朝单一的方向,即交易的走势,移动。我们
期望交易能够成功,停止单是阻止交易者不切实际空想的一个现实工具。
Risk Management风险管理
A good trading system delivers greater profits than losses over a period
of time, but even the most carefully designed system doesn’t guarantee
success in every trade. No system can assure you of never having a losing
trade or even a series of losing trades.
一个好的交易系统在一段时间里产生的利润会超过亏损,但即使是最精心设计的系
统也不能保证每笔交易都能成功。没有系统能向你担保永远不产生一个或者一系列的亏
损交易。
The inability to manage losses is one of the worst pitfalls in trading.
Beginners freeze like deer in the headlights when a deepening loss starts
wiping out profits of many good trades. It’s a general human tendency to
take profits quickly but wait for losing trades to come back to even. By the
time the despairing amateur gives up hope and closes his trade with a
terrible loss, his account is badly and sometimes irreparably damaged.
交易中最为致命的陷阱是缺乏管理损失的能力。面对亏损逐渐吞噬原来赚钱的交易
,初学者像车灯强光照射下的小鹿一般惊慌失措、僵直不动。通常,人类的天性使人快
速抛出获利的股票,而等待亏损的股票最后回到收支平衡。当绝望的业余交易员放弃等
待,以可怕的损失结束交易时,他的账户会变得很糟糕,甚至受到无可挽回的损害。
To be a successful trader, you need to learn risk management rules and
firmly implement them.
想成为一名成功的交易者,你必须学会风险管理的规则,并且严格执行。
Whatever method you use, remember to apply the key risk management rule:
the distance from your entry to the protective stop, multiplied by position
size can never be more than 2 percent of your account equity. No matter how
attractive a trade, pass it up if it would require putting more than 2% of
your account at risk.
无论你使用何种方法,请记住关键的风险管理规则:你的股票买入价格到你的保护
性止损点之间的差价,乘以你的仓位得到的结果,不应该超过你总资金量的2%。不管一
个交易有多么吸引人,如果潜在风险超过了投资账户的2%,那就必须放弃。
The absolute maximum a trader may risk on any trade is two percent of
his account equity. For example, if you have $30,000 in your account, you
may not risk more than $600 per trade, and if you have $10,000, you may not
risk more than $200.
交易者在任何交易中所能面临的最大风险是其账户净值的2%。例如,对30,000美
元的账户,每笔交易风险不能超过600美元。而10,000美元的账户,每笔风险则不应多
于200美元。
If you see an attractive trade, but a logical stop would have to be
placed where more than 2 percent of equity would be at risk—pass on that
trade. You may risk less, but you may never risk more. You must avoid
risking more than 2 percent on a trade the way a recovering alcoholic avoids
bars.
如果你发现一个吸引人的的交易机会,但合理停损点的设置会使超过2%的账户资产
面临风险,那就放弃交易。在交易中你可以接受小于2%的风险,但绝不能超过。避免接
受2%以上的风险,就如同酗酒者避免进入酒吧一样。
三重滤网交易系统
《以交易为生》第9章提出了几套交易系统,重点介绍了三重滤网交易系统(
Triple Screen trading system)。此系统由埃尔德博士设计,自1985年以来,一
直运用于实际的交易中。1986年四月份,作者首度在《期货杂志》介绍了这套系统。
对于每笔交易,都需要经过三重的测试或过滤。许多交易机会乍看来不错,结果却
被某一层滤网拒绝。如果交易可以通过“三重滤网”的测试,成功的概率会大幅提高。
1) 第一层滤网是市场的长期趋势(主要趋势),仿佛大海的潮汐(tide)。采用趋
势指标如周线MACD柱的倾斜方向来判断市场走势,顺势操作做出决策:
i) 当相邻的两根MACD柱向上倾斜时,表明多方占主导,允许买入或观望;
ii) 当相邻的两根MACD柱向下倾斜时,表明空方占主导,允许卖出或观望。
2) 第二层滤网指市场的中期趋势(次级趋势),识别与长期走势逆向的波浪(wave
)。在中期图表上运用震荡指标KDJ的超买超卖确定买入卖出点。
i) 当MACD柱上升而KDJ下跌到30以下,表明进入超卖区,是买点;
ii) 当MACD柱下降而KDJ上升到70以上,表明进入超买区,是卖点。
3) 第三层滤网指市场的短期趋势 (日间波动),可以看成片片涟漪(ripple)。具
体的买卖在此进行。
i) 当长期趋势上升而中期震荡指标下降而发出买进信号,采用追踪型的停止买单
,价位设定在前一天高点之上一档。如果价格上涨,买单自动成交。否则,没有交易。
ii) 当长期趋势下降而中期震荡指标上升而发出卖出信号,采用追踪型的停止卖单
,价位设定在前一天低点之下一档。一旦市场掉头,卖单自动成交。否则,没有交易。
一旦成交就要挂止损单,因为三重滤网交易系统只顺趋势操作,所以止损可以设置
的很窄,在前一天低点(或高点)下方(或上方)即可。
“三重滤网”同时采用数种顺势的方法与逆势的技巧,由数个不同的时间架构分析
潜在的交易机会。 它不仅是交易系统,也是一套方法,一种操作风格,可以指导普通
交易者建立适合自己的交易系统。
写交易日志
Memory is the cornerstone of civilized life. It allows us to learn from
our successes and even more from our failures. Keeping a diary of your
trades will help you grow and become a better trader.
记忆是文明生活的基石。它帮我们从成功中获得经验,而从失败的教训中则学会更
多。坚持记录交易有助于你的成长和成为更好的交易员。
The mental baggage from childhood can prevent you from succeeding in the
markets. You have to identify your weaknesses and work to change. Keep a
trading diary—write down your reasons for entering and exiting every trade.
Look for repetitive patterns of success and failure.
孩提时代承受的精神压力会妨碍你在市场上取得成功。你必须找出自己的弱点并努
力改变。坚持写交易日记,记下每笔买或卖的理由,从中归纳总结出反复成功或失败的
特定模式。
Those who don't learn from the past are condemned to repeat it.
那些不会从过去吸取教训的人注定会重蹈覆辙。
You should concentrate on trading right, not on the money.
你应当关注交易的正确性,而不是赚钱与否。
交易日志包括:记录交易日期,每次买卖价位,成交价差,佣金,止损位,止损位
的所有调整情况,买入理由,目标价位,最大浮盈,达到止损位后的最大浮亏。
Trading Journal.PNG
七项交易规则
最后,分享埃尔德博士的七项交易规则。
All of us have our own demons to exorcise on the journey to becoming
successful traders. Here are several rules that worked for me as I grew from
a wild amateur into an erratic semiprofessional and finally into a calm
professional trader. You may change this list to suit your personality.
每位交易者在迈向成功的征途中,都必须驱除自己的心魔。下面列出的几项法则曾
帮助我从纯粹的门外汉变成半专业的交易者,最后又让我成为真正的专业交易者。你可
以根据自己的个性,调整它们的顺序。
1. Decide that you are in the market for the long haul—that is, you
want to be a trader even 20 years from now.
下决心长期入市交易,也就是说,即使在20年之后,你仍然想成为一名交易员。
2. Learn as much as you can. Read and listen to experts, but keep a
degree of healthy skepticism about everything. Ask questions, and do not
accept experts at their word.
尽可能多地学习,阅读和聆听众专家之长,但对任何观点保持一定程度的正常怀疑
。提出问题,但不可全盘接受专家们的表面说辞。
3. Do not get greedy and rush to trade—take your time to learn. The
markets will be there, offering more good opportunities in the months and
years ahead.
不要贪婪,急于交易--多花一些时间学习。市场始终会在那里,在未来的数月和几
年内将能提供更多更好的机会。
4. Develop a method for analyzing the market—that is, “If A happens,
then B is likely to happen.” Markets have many dimensions—use several
analytic methods to confirm trades. Test everything on historical data and
then in the markets, using real money. Markets keep changing—you need
different tools for trading bull and bear markets and transitional periods
as well as a method for telling the difference (see the sections on
technical analysis).
发展一套分析市场行情的方法,即“如果A发生,则B很可能发生。”市场有许多层
面—所以需要运用多种分析方法来确认交易。每种方法都必须通过历史数据的测试,和
真实货币在市场中测试。市场不断变化--你需要不同的交易工具对付多头、空头与过渡
行情,以及区分不同行情的方法(参考技术分析的章节)。
5. Develop a money management plan. Your first goal must be long-term
survival; your second goal, a steady growth of capital; and your third goal,
making high profits. Most traders put the third goal first and are unaware
that goals 1 and 2 exist (see Section 9, “Risk Management”).
制定一套资金管理计划。你的第一个目标必须是长期生存;第二个目标是投资资本
的稳定成长;第三个目标才是赚取高额利润。许多交易者本末倒置,把第三个目标摆在
最前面,不知道还有目标1和2(参考第10章“风险管理”)。
6. Be aware that a trader is the weakest link in any trading system. Go
to a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous to learn how to avoid losses or develop
your own method for cutting out impulsive trades.
要意识到,交易者是任何交易系统中最薄弱的环节。参加酗酒者互助会的聚会,学
习如何避免损失,或者形成一套自己的方法以避免冲动型交易。
7. Winners think, feel, and act differently than losers. You must look
within yourself, strip away your illusions, and change your old ways of
being, thinking, and acting. Change is hard, but if you want to be a
professional trader, you have to work on changing and developing your
personality.
赢家与输家对市场的思考方式、感觉和所采取的行动截然不同。你必须内省,排除
幻想,着手改变旧的思考与行为方式。改变自己十分艰难,但如果想成为一名专业的交
易者,你必须着手改变和发展自己的个性。
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