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外国教授眼中的拉萨事件和西方媒体的“自由” ZT
来自http://www.stu-cn.de/viewthread.php?tid=18238&extra=page%3D1
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作者介绍：艾瑞克·格兰奎斯特（Eirik Granqvist）教授是世界资深的脊椎动物标本剥制制作师，曾参与多个欧洲自然史、动物学博物馆 的景观制作、展览项目，制作了大量姿态生动、造型逼真的动物标本，也曾担任过芬兰两个自然史博物馆的馆长和北欧数个动物学博物馆的藏品管理者。现任国际博 物馆协会自然史博物馆及藏品专业委员会(ICOM-Nathist)标本剥制艺术工作委员会主席和国际博协自然史专业委员会资深委员。该作者曾于2006 年私人访问过西藏，（资料来源：上海科技馆网站http://www.sstm.org.cn/structure/kpsq/kjgrdxwp? infid=5）
“西方媒体宣称中国封锁消息，任何有关拉萨暴乱的消息都传不出去。我对这种明显违背事实的说法非常愤怒，无法忍受这些有关中国的不实报道。因 此，尽管我不是记者，我还是撰写了这篇文章。我将这篇文章和另外两篇类似文章一道通过电子邮件传送给了三家西方报纸。它们均收到了我的邮件，但其中两家既 没有给我回音，也没有刊登我的稿件，第三家回复我说，希望将我的稿件裁减，许多天后作为普通的‘读者之声’刊发。与之相对照的是，它们每天都大量刊发dl 喇嘛的言论，真是形成了反中国的宣传阵势。而我所写的文章对这些‘自由的媒体’来说显得对中国太过于友好了。”－艾瑞克·格兰奎斯特
作者2006年访问西藏（照片由作者提供）
作者夫妇2006年访问西藏（照片由作者提供）
作者夫人与藏族导游和藏民在一起（照片由作者提供）
当我看到电视里和中国日报上关于拉萨暴乱的新闻时感到非常吃惊。然而让我最吃惊的并不是暴徒们的野蛮行径，而是在我的祖国，芬兰，媒体是如何报道 这个事件的。一位朋友将有关报道扫描后传给了我，我也从网络上查阅了所能找到的相关报道。（注：该作者现在中国） 很少有芬兰人到过西藏，但我和夫人 在2006年去过。我们当时是私人旅行，并没有参加旅游团。我亲眼看到了拉萨，并且与当地人进行了交谈。这完全没有任何限制。好吧，（如果说有，）我们有 一个可爱而称职的导游，她对我们帮助很多，上午她将我们带到我们想去的地方，而在下午，我们就独自行动了。因此，我觉得，（就西藏问题，）我需要说点什 么。 我也对历史感兴趣，在这方面比一般人了解得多。写这篇文章时，我没有任何参考书，都是基于我的记忆。因此如果文章中哪里有点小差错，请原谅。不 管怎样，我想这使我的文章具有客观性。我非常清楚，我会因为这件事，因为撰写我认为是事实的东西而受到指责。我会被那些自以为了解真相，实际却并不了解的 人指责，被那些没有亲眼目睹事实的人指责。 西藏曾经是尼泊尔和中国之间的协约自治区。有时，中国也统治着尼泊尔。因此在那段时期，西藏统治者也曾经 分别娶过中国妃子和尼泊尔妃子，其他妃子就是西藏人了。 五世dl喇嘛时期，宗教和政治权力集中到了dl喇嘛一个人身上。西藏进入神权独裁时期，与世 隔绝。外人不再允许入藏。 19世纪末，著名的瑞典旅行家斯文·赫定(Sven·Hedin)试图进入拉萨，却被dl喇嘛礼貌地遣回，赶出西藏。 一位法国女藏学家亚历山德拉·大卫·妮尔(AlexandraDavid-Néel)则幸运得多。她讲一口流利藏语，装扮成藏族朝圣者的模样进入拉萨。 她曾告诉别人，很多次她都非常害怕被发现。她知道，如果被发现，她可能会像其他疑犯或反对者一样，从布达拉宫外墙上“意外跌落”。 那时的西藏不是天 堂，而是非人道的、独裁的地方！ 没落的中国清王朝对西藏的影响力越来越小。北方的俄罗斯帝国和南方的大英帝国对西藏越来越感兴趣。
1903年，一支由杨哈思班（Younghusband）上校率领的英国远征军抵达拉萨。英国人战死4名士兵，却屠杀了超过700名试图阻止他们 的西藏人。这些藏人当时的主要拦截手段仅仅是宗教魔法。英国人在拉萨建立了“商务代表处”。中国人将dl喇嘛撤离到青海高原，在那里他的行动自由受到限 制，也许这是为了防止他与英国占领者进行接触。 1907年，芬兰民族英雄马歇尔·曼纳海姆（MarshalMannerheim）在进行他著名的穿 越中亚的马背之旅期间，拜访了dl喇嘛。他当时是沙皇俄国军队的上校，他的旅行实际上是一次间谍行为。正因为如此，他才对13世dl喇嘛产生兴趣。 dl喇嘛的权力逐渐削弱。
1950年，解放军和平进入西藏。看来14世dl喇嘛在初期之所以接受这个现实，仅仅是想将其作为维持自己神权独裁统治的保障。1954年，他奢 侈地扩大和重建了夏宫罗布林卡（NorbulingkaSummerPalace）。 然而，中国政府已经决定要废除西藏残酷的神权独裁制度。在这种 制度下，反对者们被从布达拉宫上扔下；边境对所有外来者关闭；仅有的学校都是宗教学校。大家都知道，对统治者来说，统治一个低文化水平、对外界一无所知的 民族会更容易。在当时，西藏5％的人拥有全部财富，其他人几乎一无所有；约40％的人是僧侣，他们像寄生虫一样，需要其他人喂养。当时的西藏不是天堂！ 中国政府决定，应该赋予西藏人民与其他国人一样的权力和相同的社会地位。寺院不应再供养过多的僧侣。 西藏以前只有一些羊肠小道与外界沟通，其他 地方与外界隔绝。中国政府很快修建了用于交通的马路。西藏与世隔绝的状态被打破了。 1959年，由于权力地位不断削弱，年轻的dl喇嘛利用宗教发动 了叛乱。这次叛乱最终被制止。dl喇嘛和一些追随者离开西藏，逃到印度。在那里，他继续挑起事端，妄图重返西藏，恢复中国已不再允许的神权独裁统治。 之后就是全中国都感到痛苦的十年xx时期，中国关上了国门。
现在，拉萨有了现代化的机场和铁路。中国政府对西藏投入巨大。西藏人民的生活水平提高很多。上个圣诞节，我在海南岛看到一些西藏人在庆祝太阳节。 我非常幸运地看到一些身着传统服饰的藏族老年妇女和她们的丈夫一起在沙滩上散步，藏族年轻人则穿得像其他年轻人一样，享受着沙滩生活。 dl喇嘛重新 掌权的可能性降低了，他的人民不再跟随他。中印两国正在发展合作，密切友谊，印度以后必然不会为承认dl喇嘛而破坏中印关系的发展。dl喇嘛再进行反对中 国的活动，不大可能得逞了。
因此最近，当他看到有可能损害中国现有良好国际形象，煽动联合抵制北京奥运时，dl喇嘛开始了全球游说活动。 拉萨暴乱是精心准备的。一些制 革工人非法跨越边境，去见dl，以接受他的指令。一群外国登山者在边境拍摄到了一次不幸的意外。一名越境者被射杀，另一名在越境后公开宣称想要去见dl喇 嘛。我是在（去年）11月份，来中国之前，在电视里看到了这个节目。 中国已经不是封闭的国家了。如果不是为了干非法勾当，没有必要非法越境。你只需 要申请一本护照和必要的签证，就可以从边境站合法过境。或者采取更方便的方式，只需乘坐班机，从拉萨飞到加德满都就行了。
拉萨那里没有和平示威，只有野蛮打砸。一些年轻人周密策划，在多个地点，在同一时间开始暴乱，以便使警察和消防队无所防备，无法同时奔赴多个地 点。他们做到了！他们不分青红皂白，见东西就砸。所有能被打碎的东西在最短的时间里就被打烂。他们用汽油燃烧弹到处放火，焚烧停驶的汽车。18名普通市民 和1名警察被无情杀害。这名警察已接到命令，不许武力反击，避免引发国际指责！ 当我看到电视上的暴乱画面时，我马上就明白了是怎么回事。暴乱的有组 织性跟发生在法国的有组织暴乱一模一样。因为我在法国生活了21年，与法国保持密切联系达40多年（，因此可以看得出来）。它们之间唯一的区别是，在拉萨 并没有多少普通群众加入到暴乱中。暴徒们的数量少的惊人，却很有组织性。中国在世界上的正面形象受到了损害。 dl喇嘛一贯做出一副友善和温和的父亲 形象。这是个陈旧伎俩，希特勒和斯大林这些独裁者都曾用过。我并不是要拿他与他们做比较，但他在不惜一切，力图夺权时的所作所为就像一个恶魔。他从没有关 心过人们的生活，没有考虑过这么做是否违背了佛教非暴力的原则。这是一次失败的政变。现在他却在呼吁国际社会，帮助阻止由他，他本人，一手策划的暴乱！ 2006年，当我访问西藏时，我吃惊于那里宽松的环境和拉萨街头寥寥无几的警察。我满眼看到的都是西藏人，而非汉人。环境非常安宁，人们生活幸福。那 里没有令人压抑的感觉。我没有感受到在苏联非人性的制度垮台前，曾在苏联和及其卫星国所多次感受到的那种压抑。拉萨人非常友好，他们想与我攀谈，多数情况 下由于我不懂汉语或藏语而无法沟通。但我不时可以遇到一些讲一点英语的藏人。我感到，他们希望与我攀谈的原因，只是出于对外国人正常的好奇心。 我之 前听说，在拉萨宗教受到压制，但我却看到宗教繁荣发展；我之前听说，太多汉人进入西藏，现在拉萨已没有几个藏人，但我却看到在那里藏人比汉人多得多。难道 那些汉人都藏起来了？ 西方媒体宣称中国封锁消息，任何有关拉萨暴乱的消息都传不出去。我对这种明显违背事实的说法非常愤怒，无法忍受这些有关中国的 不实报道。因此，尽管我不是记者，我还是撰写了这篇文章。我将这篇文章和另外两篇类似文章一道通过电子邮件传送给了三家西方报纸。它们均收到了我的邮件， 但其中两家既没有给我回音，也没有刊登我的稿件，第三家回复我说，希望将我的稿件裁减，许多天后作为普通的‘读者之声’刊发。与之相对照的是，他们每天都 大量刊发dl喇嘛的言论，真是形成了反中国的宣传阵势。而我所写的文章对这些‘自由的媒体’来说显得对中国太过于友好了。（陈涛译）
后记：文章中提到的那份报纸最终将作者的文章在“读者之声”栏目予以登载。该文发表后，作者收到很多来信，对他横加指责、出言侮辱。而他笑说“这 真是一个认清真正朋友的机会，因为真朋友不会质疑你的话的真实性，而对非真正的朋友或敌人来说，再多的解释也无济于事。” 当中国朋友表示担心他回国 后安全时，他回答：“不用担心！他们也只能说些坏话而已！西藏永远是中国的一部分，尽管这个事实在1950年前被很多人忽视了。它以前是，现在仍然是中国 的自治区。我很高兴有机会到了那里，修正了我的看法”。他表示，他现在唯一的愿望就是能让更多人，尤其是西方国家的人民了解中国和西藏的真实情况。
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原文
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The Riots in Lhasa
by Eirik Granqvist, a foreign expert in Shanghai who visited Tibet in 2006
"The western medias announced that China had cut all in???? ation and that articles about the riots could not be sent out! I got mad about all the apparently incorrect in????ation and wrote this article and two other similar ones although I am not a journalist but just because I could not stand all the bad things about China that was told. I sent them by e-mail without problems and they arrived well but two newspapers did neither respond neither publish what I had written. The third answered and wanted a shorter version that was published many days later as a normal 'readers voice'. What Dalai Lama had said was largely published every day together with a real anti-China propaganda. What I had written was apparently too China friendly for the 'free press'."
I was very shocked by what I had seen in the television and been reading in China daily about the riots in Lhasa. The most that shocked me was anyhow may be not the cruel events by themselves but how the medias in my country of origin, Finland, reported the events. A friend has scanned and sent me articles and I have checked also myself what can be found at Internet.
Very few Finnish people have ever visited Tibet, but I was there together with my wife in 2006. This was private persons and not as a part of a group-travel. I have seen Lhasa with my own eyes. I have been talking and chatting with people there. This was without any restrictions. Okay, we had a lovely and very competent guide that helped us much and took us where we wanted to go in the mornings but in the afternoons we were alone. Therefore I think that I have something to tell.
I am also interested in history and know more than people in general. When writing this, I do not have any reference books so I write out of my memory. If I do a small mistake somewhere, I beg your pardon. Anyhow, I think that this gives my writing an objectivity. I am well aware of that I will be accused for this and that for writing what I think is the truth. I will be accused by those who think that they know but do not know and by those that haven't seen by their own eyes.
Tibet was for centuries an autonomous concordat between Nepal and China. Sometimes China ruled Nepal as well. The king of Tibet used therefore to have one Chinese wife and one Nepalese and then a number of Tibetan ones.
With the fifth Dalai Lama, the religious and the political power were unified under the rule of one person, The Dalai Lama. Tibet became a theocratic dictatorship and closed itself for the rest of the world. No foreigners were anymore allowed in.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the famous Swedish traveller Sven Hedin made an attempt to reach Lhasa but was sent politely back, out of Tibet by Dalai Lama.
A French woman, Alexandra David- Néel was more successful. She visited Lhasa dressed as a Tibetan pilgrim and she was fluent in the Tibetan language. She told how she was afraid many times that she should be discovered and then she knew that she like other suspects or opponents should "happen to fall down" from the walls of the Potala palace.
Tibet was not a paradise. Tibet was an inhuman dictatorship!
The weakened Chinese Qing Dynasty had more and more lost its influence in Tibet. Tibet became more and more interesting for the Russian empire in the north and the British in the south.
In 1903 a British army expedition directed by the colonel Younghusband reached Lhasa. The British lost 4 soldiers but slaughtered more the 700 Tibetans that tryed to stop them, mainly by magic. The British installed "a commercial representation" in Lhasa. The Chinese evacuated Dalai Lama to the Qinghai plateau where he hade limited rights of move, probably for preventing him from having contacts with the British occupants.
The Finnish national hero, Marshal Mannerheim, visited him there in 1907 during his famous horseback trip through central Asia. He was then a colonel in the Tsar Russian army and his trip was in reality a spy trip. Therefore the 13th Dalai Lama was interesting.
The power of Dalai Lama was weakened. In 1950 the PLA marched in to Tibet without war. The 14th Dalai Lama seems at the beginning to have accepted this just as a security for his power as the theocratic dictator he was. He enlarged and restructured the Norbulingka Summer Palace in a luxury way in 1954.
The Chinese decided anyhow to finish with the cruel theocratic dictatorship under which the opponents fell down from Potala. The borders where during this dictatorship closed for all foreigners and the only schools where the religious ones. It is well known that it is easier to rule a population with a low education and is ignoring the outside world. In Tibet, about 5% of the population owned everything and the rest literally nothing. About 40% of the Tibetans were monks and nuns living as parasites on the rest of the population that had to feed them. Tibet was not a paradise!
Now China decided that the Tibetans should have the same rights and place in the society as the rest of the country's population. The monasteries should be emptied from their excessively large monk and nun populations.
Tibet could earlier be reached only by some horse trails and was for the rest insulated. The Chinese built rapidly a trafficable road. The insulation was broken.
In 1959, the young Dalai Lama caused a peoples upraising, using the religion as power since he was loosing his own powerful position. The upraising was however stopped, may be in not a too clever and smooth manner. Dalai Lama then left Tibet and his fellow citizens and escaped to India wherefrom he has continued to fight for his come back and reinstall the theocratic dictatorship that China will never allow again.
Then followed the ten years of Cultural Revolution that was an unhappy time for all China that closed itself to the rest of the world.
Now Lhasa has a modern airport and a railway. China has invested a lot in Tibet. The standard of living has been raised a lot in Tibet and last Xmas I have seen Tibetans spending sun-holidays on Hainan Island! Very lucky looking old women in traditional dresses walking on the beach with their husbands and the youngsters dressed like other young people enjoying the beach life.
The possibilities for Dalai Lama to take back his power has diminished and he does not anymore have the population with him. China and India are developing their cooperation and with the closer friendship, India will for sure also not more admit Dalai Lama to disturb this development. His possibilities to act against China will be diminished.
Therefore he undertook recently an around the world diplomatic travel since he has seen the possibility of harming the now good international image of China and provoking boycotts of the Olympic games in Beijing.
The Lhasa riots where very well prepared. Curriers where crossing the borders illegally for to see Dalai Lama and get his orders. A group of foreign mountain climbers filmed recently across the border an unlucky incident when one of these curriers got shot and another that crossed the border openly declared that he wanted to go to see the Dalai Lama. I have seen that in television just before I left for China in November.
China is no longer a closed country. There is no need for illegal border crossings if you are not doing something illegally! You just ask for a passport and take the necessary visas and cross the border at a legal border crossing or better, just take a regular flight from Lhasa to Kathmandu!
There where no peaceful demonstrations in Lhasa that where brutally knocked down! Young men went to action after a well prepared scenario at many places at the same time so that police and fire brigade should be taken by surprise and unable to act everywhere at the same time. This was successful! People where just knocked down without differences and all what could be broken was broken in the shortest possible time. With Molotov cocktails, fires where lit and fire cars where stopped. 18 normal citizens where killed without feelings and one police. The police had order to not respond with firearms for not being internationally blamed!
When I have seen the filmed riots in television, my diagnosis was immediately clear. The scenario was the same that I had seen many times of organized riots in France since more the forty years of tight familiar contacts and 21 years of living there. The difference was only that less ordinary people seemed to take part in Lhasa. The rioters where surprisingly few but well organized! China's positive image in the world should be damaged!
Dalai Lama is acting as the friendly and peaceful father. This is an old trick that also dictators like Hitler and Stalin used. I am not comparing him with them but he is acting like a demon when he tries to take back his power at any cost, not once caring for human lives and against Buddhistic non-violence principles. It was a try to do a coup d'ètat that failed. Now he is asking for international help for to stop the violence that he, himself had planned!
When I visited Tibet in 2006, I was surprised by the relaxed atmosphere and the few policemen in Lhasa. All that I have seen were Tibetans. Not the Han-Chinese. The atmosphere was remarkably peaceful and gave a picture of general well living. There was no oppressed feeling like I had seen so many times in the Soviet Union and its satellites before all that non-human system collapsed. People in Lhasa where friendly and wanted to speak to me, mostly without success since I do not speak Chinese nor Tibetan but up and then somebody could speak some words in English. Their wish for contact was just out of normal curiosity towards the foreigners.
I had heard that the religious life should been oppressed but it was flowering! I had also heard that so many Han Chinese where moved in that the Tibetans where now very few in Lhasa. I did however see much more Tibetans there. May be that the Han Chinese where hiding?
The western medias announced that China had cut all in????ation and that articles ab |
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发表于 2008-4-5 21:32
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