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西藏佛教派别, 达赖喇嘛只能代表黄教
[size=+2]西藏佛教派别概述
2006年8月09日17:25
藏传佛教大致可分为四大教派，即宁玛派、噶举派、萨迦派、格鲁派。
一、宁玛派（俗称红教） 以九乘次第而闻名的藏传佛教旧译派系名。最初在公元八世纪中叶，吐蕃王朝赤松德赞时期，初由印度翻译传入藏地，经印度佛学家白玛炯涅加以宏扬。白玛炯涅也就是莲花生大士，他是藏传佛教的始祖，若没有他，可谓就没有今天的藏传佛教。据历史中记载，当时在西藏盛兴本土的一种巫教，所有的藏民，尤其是王朝里所有的大臣几乎都是信奉该教。因此，令他们改信佛教是一件很棘手的事。后来决定以辩论和较量神通的方式来裁决国教，佛教在较量中大胜，使对方退出其原来的国教地位，逐放到西藏边远地区。从此佛教取代了西藏的本土教，传遍了整个西藏，使西藏变成了所谓的佛教净土。
该派著名六大寺庙：
（一）噶陀寺 （二）白玉寺 （三）佐千寺 （四）多扎寺 （五）敏珠林寺 （六）雪谦寺
二、萨迦派（俗称花教）：
十一世纪中，坤衮却杰玻倡建萨迦寺，创立以道果论为法要的藏传佛教一派系名。后经萨迦班钦等萨迦五代祖师弘扬，并有僧俗两系传承，至十二世纪萨迦班钦、八思巴叔侄与蒙古皇帝缔结法缘，因此萨迦法王成为西藏的统领，直到十四世纪中叶止。此派著名有三大支派，及萨派、鄂派、察派。
三、噶举派（俗称白教）
“噶”意为“佛语”；“举”意为“传承”。传承金刚持佛亲口所授密咒教义的教派，是藏传佛教派系之一，在十一世纪由大译师玛尔巴等人所创立。该派在西藏分为两大支系，由琼波克珠所传者，名香巴噶举，这一系在十五世纪已没落；由玛尔巴译师所传的名达波噶举。达波噶举后来发展出四大派系如下：
（一）噶玛噶举 （二）采巴噶举 （三）跋绒噶举 （四）帕竹噶举
其中帕竹噶举一系又分出八小派，即：
（一）直贡噶举 （二）达隆噶举 （三）竹巴噶举 （四）雅桑噶举 （五）措普噶举 （六）休色噶举 （七）耶巴噶举 （八）玛仓噶举
四、格鲁派（俗称黄教）：
宗喀巴．洛桑扎巴大师在十四世纪所创藏传佛教派系名，主张显密讲修结合，此派所着袈裟和僧帽均为黄色，故称之为黄帽系。
该派六大寺庙为：
（一）甘丹寺 （二）哲蚌寺 （三）色拉寺 （四）扎西伦布寺 （五）拉布楞寺 （六）塔尔寺 （ 嘎玛仁波切开示）
（西祠胡同）
Tibetan Buddhism has four main traditions (the suffix pa is comparable to "er" in English):
Nyingma(pa), The Ancient Ones. This is the oldest, the original order founded by Padmasambhava, a Tibetan master, and relies on very early esoteric scriptures known as tantras. In this school there is a good deal of emphasis placed on meditation.
Kagyu(pa), Oral Lineage. This contains one major subsect and one minor subsect. The first, the Dagpo Kagyu, encompasses those Kagyu schools that trace back to Gampopa. In turn, the Dagpo Kagyu consists of four major sub-sects: the Karma Kagyu, headed by a Karmapa, the Tsalpa Kagyu, the Barom Kagyu, and Pagtru Kagyu; as well as eight minor sub-sects, all of which trace their root to Pagtru Kagyu. Among the eight sub-sects the most notable of are the Drikung Kagyu and the Drukpa Kagyu. The once-obscure Shangpa Kagyu, which was famously represented by the 20th century teacher Kalu Rinpoche, traces its history back to the Indian master Niguma, sister of Kagyu lineage holder Naropa. This is an oral tradition which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most famous exponent was Milarepa, an eleventh century Tibetan mystic who meditated for many years in mountain caves before eventually reaching enlightenment.
Sakya(pa), Grey Earth, headed by the Sakya Trizin, founded by Khon Konchog Gyalpo, a disciple of the great translator Drokmi Lotsawa. Sakya Pandita 1182–1251CE was the great grandson of Khon Konchog Gyalpo. This school very much represents the scholarly tradition.
Gelug(pa), Way of Virtue, also known casually as the Yellow Hats, whose spiritual head is the Ganden Tripa and whose temporal head is the Dalai Lama, who was ruler of Tibet from the mid-17th to mid-20th centuries. It was founded in the 14th to 15th century by Je Tsongkhapa, based on the foundations of the Kadampa tradition. Tsongkhapa was renowned for both his scholasticism and his virtue. The Dalai Lama belongs to the Gelukpa school, and is regarded as the embodiment of Chenrezig, the Bodhisattva of Compassion (the equivalent of Avalokitesvara).
(from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism) |
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发表于 2008-4-8 23:06
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